Diabetes and Oral Health Problems – Symptoms, Research, Prevention, Management

Key Facts

• People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing oral health problems
• High blood sugar levels can make gum disease worse
• Common oral health problems associated with diabetes include periodontitis, gingivitis, dry mouth, and thrush
• Good blood sugar control and proper oral hygiene can help prevent oral health problems in individuals with diabetes

Why are People with Diabetes More Likely to Develop Oral Health Problems?

People with diabetes have an increased likelihood of oral health problems due to several factors. High blood sugar levels, which are often present in people with poorly controlled diabetes, can lead to a decrease in saliva flow and an increase in bacterial infections in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in cleaning the mouth and maintaining a neutral environment. Without enough saliva, the mouth is more susceptible to infections and gum diseases.
Additionally, diabetes can weaken the white blood cells, which are the main defense against bacterial infections that can occur in the mouth. Furthermore, when blood sugar levels are high, there may be an increase in sugar content in saliva, creating an environment conducive for bacterial growth.

What Oral Health Problems are Associated with Diabetes?

Higher Risks of:

• Periodontitis: People with diabetes are at higher risk of developing periodontitis, a severe gum infection that damages the soft tissues and destroys the bone that supports teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. Moreover, periodontitis can affect blood sugar control and contribute to the progression of diabetes.
• Gingivitis: This is the early stage of gum disease and is characterized by red, swollen, and bleeding gums. Diabetes reduces the body’s ability to fight infection, making people more susceptible to gingivitis.
• Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): A common issue amongst diabetics is dry mouth. Reduced saliva flow increases the risk of tooth decay and gum disease.
• Thrush: Individuals with diabetes are more prone to fungal infections such as oral thrush. Thrush results in painful white or red patches inside the mouth.
• Oral Burning: Diabetes can cause a burning sensation in the mouth, characterized by a scalded feeling on the tongue and roof of the mouth.
• Tooth Decay: Higher levels of sugars and starches in the saliva can lead to tooth decay.
• Delayed Wound Healing: People with diabetes may take longer to heal after oral surgery or extraction.

If I Have Diabetes, How Do I Prevent Oral Health Problems?

• Control Blood Sugar Levels: The most crucial step in preventing oral health problems associated with diabetes is to control your blood sugar levels. Follow your healthcare provider’s advice regarding diet, medications, and monitoring your blood sugar.
• Maintain Good Oral Hygiene: Brush your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, and floss daily to remove plaque from between your teeth. If you wear dentures, remove and clean them daily.
• Regular Dental Check-ups: See your dentist for regular check-ups and cleaning at least twice a year. Make sure your dentist knows that you have diabetes.
• Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to keep your mouth moist and to keep sugars washed away.
• Quit Smoking: Smoking worsens problems with gums, especially in diabetics. If you smoke, ask your doctor about ways to quit.
• Monitor for Early Signs of Gum Disease: Pay attention to your gum health. If you notice any redness, swelling, or bleeding, visit your dentist as soon as possible.
• Manage Stress: Stress can worsen blood sugar control and contribute to oral issues. Engage in stress-reducing activities and practices.

Other Oral Hygiene Tips for People with Diabetes

Apart from the fundamental practices such as regular brushing and flossing, there are additional oral hygiene tips that can benefit people with diabetes:

• Use a Soft-Bristle Toothbrush: This minimizes the potential for gum damage.
• Use Mouthwash: A mouthwash without alcohol can help in reducing bacteria and can keep your mouth fresh.
• Control Diet: Limit the intake of sugary and starchy foods, as they can contribute to gum disease and tooth decay.
• Maintain a Balanced Diet: Having a well-balanced diet is crucial for overall health, including oral health. Ensure your diet contains vitamins and minerals necessary for healthy gums and teeth.
• Communicate with Your Healthcare Provider: If you wear any oral appliances or are on medications that cause dry mouth, talk to your healthcare provider about alternatives or solutions to minimize dry mouth.
  

  Misconceptions about Oral Health Problems and Diabetes

  Misconception 1: People with Diabetes are at Greater Risk for Dental CavitiesWhile it is true that people with poorly controlled diabetes are at risk for dental issues, having diabetes itself does not mean one is destined to have dental cavities. Good control of blood sugar levels and proper oral hygiene can prevent dental cavities even in people with diabetes.

  Misconception 2: People with Diabetes Lose Their Teeth More Often and Sooner than People Without Diabetes
  Tooth loss can be a consequence of advanced gum disease, which is more common in people with poorly controlled diabetes. However, with good blood sugar control and proper dental care, people with diabetes do not necessarily lose their teeth more often than those without diabetes.

  Misconception 3: If I Need Oral Surgery, I am More at Risk for Post-Surgical Problems, Including Infections, Because These are More Common in People with Diabetes
  People with diabetes are at higher risk for infections, including those that might occur after oral surgery. However, with proper blood sugar control before, during, and after the procedure, the risk of post-surgical complications can be significantly reduced. It’s important to work closely with the healthcare provider and dentist for proper planning and care.

  Bottom Line

  It’s crucial for individuals with diabetes to understand the importance of managing their blood sugar levels and maintaining good oral hygiene. By dispelling misconceptions, taking preventative measures, and engaging in proper oral care practices, they can significantly reduce the risk of oral health problems associated with diabetes. Regular consultations with healthcare providers and dentists are essential in monitoring and maintaining oral and overall health.

  This article is complete and was published on July 15, 2023, and last updated on August 25, 2023.